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As mentioned in previous chapters, Windows PowerShell is both a shell environment and a scripting language. In the previous chapter we looked at using the interactive shell environment to enter and execute commands. In this chapter we will look at creating and executing Windows PowerShell script files.

== What is a PowerShell Script? ==

A Windows PowerShell script is essentially a file containing a sequence of Windows PowerShell commands, statements and expressions which are to be executed to perform a particular task or set of tasks.

== An Example Windows PowerShell Script ==
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For the purposes of this example, we will create a variation on the venerable "Hello World" example that has been used to begin teaching the basics of just about every programming language for the last 30 years or so. To begin, open an editor suitable for writing scripts. This can either be a programming editor, or something as simple as the Windows Notepad application. The purpose of the script we will create is to ask the user for their name and then say hello to them. With this in mind, enter the following statements into the editor:

<pre>
Write-host "Please enter your name:"

$userName = read-host

"Hello $userName!"
</pre>

== PowerShell 1.0 Script Naming Convention ==

In order for Windows to recognize Windows PowerShell 1.0 scripts they must have a ''.ps1'' file name extension. Once the script has been written, therefore, save it to your home folder as ''hello.ps1''

== Executing PowerShell Scripts ==

PowerShell scripts may be launched from within the PowerShell interactive environment or from the command prompt.  To launch the script at the PowerShell interactive prompt, launch Windows PowerShell (''Start -> All Programs -> Windows PowerShell 1.0 -> Windows PowerShell'' or enter '' powershell'' at a command prompt). At the PowerShell interactive prompt enter the following command:

<pre>
./hello.ps1
</pre>

The reason for the ./ prefix is to tell Windows PowerShell that the script to be executed is in the current directory. By default, Windows PowerShell will not execute a script in the current directory unless it is prefixed with ./. This is for security reasons and is intended to ensure that the user ''really'' wants to run the command from the current directory, as opposed another command with the same name located elsewhere (or built in to PowerShell).

By default, it is likely that an error will be displayed similar to the following:

<pre>
PS C:\Users\Administrator> ./hello.ps1
File C:\Users\Administrator\t.ps1 cannot be loaded because the execution of scripts is disabled on
this system. Please see "get-help about_signing" for more details.
At line:1 char:7
+ ./t.ps1 <<<<
</pre>

This is another security measure which prevents the execution of PowerShell scripts by default, primarily to stop malicious scripts being executed without the user's knowledge. To enable script execution, the following command must first be issued:

<pre>
PS C:\Users\Administrator> set-executionpolicy remotesigned
</pre>

Having configured with execution policy, the script may now be executed:

<pre>
PS C:\Users\Administrator> ./hello.ps1
Please enter your name:
Neil
Hello Neil!
</pre>

To launch the script from the command prompt without entering PowerShell's interactive mode, simply pass the script to the ''powershell'' command at the command prompt using the ''-command'' option:

<pre>
C:\Users\Administrator>powershell -command ./hello.ps1
Please enter your name:
Neil
Hello Neil!
</pre>

== Handling Script Arguments ==

In the above example the user was prompted for their name. Often it necessary to pass one or more arguments to a script at the point that it is executed. This is handled via a special variable called ''$args'' which is populated with any arguments which were passed through to the script when it was invoked. Taking our previous example, we can simply reference the $args variable in our script:

<pre>
"Hello $args!"
</pre>

When the script is executed we simply pass a name through as parameter:

<pre>
PS C:\Users\Administrator> ./hello.ps1 Neil
Hello Neil!
</pre>

The $args variable is actually an array object which contains an element for each argument passed through. For details on working with arrays refer to the chapter entitled [[Working with Arrays in Windows PowerShell 1.0]].

Default arguments may be specified to handle cases where an argument is missing from the command line using the ''param'' keyword. In the following example, we specify that the first argument passed through to the script is to be assigned to a variable named ''$userName'', and that in the absence of that argument, the value of "Stranger" is to be used:

<pre>
param($userName="Stranger")
write-host "Hello $userName!"
</pre>

When executed with no arguments, the script uses the default parameter value:

<pre>
PS C:\Users\Administrator> ./hello.ps1
Hello Stranger!
</pre>

When an argument is provided, however, this is used in place of default parameter:

<pre>
PS C:\Users\Administrator> ./hello.ps1 Fred
Hello Fred!
</pre>

== The PowerShell exit Keyword ==

A Windows PowerShell script may either be allowed to run through to completion, at which point it will exit automatically, or an exit may be forced at any point in the script through the use of the ''exit'' keyword. For example, the following script exits if the correct user name is not passed through as an argument:

<pre>
if ($args -ne "Fred")
{
	"I don't know you. Goodbye!"
	exit
}

"Hello $args!"
</pre>

The following output shows the result of running the script with both the correct and incorrect user names. As illustrated, if the correct name is not entered the script exits before displaying the ''Hello'' message:

<pre>
PS C:\Users\Administrator> ./hello.ps1 Fred
Hello Fred!
PS C:\Users\Administrator> ./hello.ps1 John
I don't know you. Goodbye!
</pre>

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