View source for PHP, Filesystems and File I/O

One of the benefits of PHP being a server side scripting environment is that it gives the web developer easy access to the filesystem of the server on which the web server is running. This gives us the ability to create, open, delete, read and write files. We can also traverse the directory hierarchy of the server systems to do things like get directory listings and create new sub-directories.

In this chapter we will cover all aspects of interecting with files and the filesystem in details.

== Opening and Creating Files in PHP ==

Existing files are opened, and new files created using the PHP ''fopen'' function. The ''fopen'' function accepts two arguments and returns a ''file handle'' which is subsequently used fo all future read and write interactions with that file. The first argument is the name (including the path) of the file to open. This path is relative to the server filesystem root, not your web server root. The second argument is an attribute indicating the mode in whcih you with to open the file (create, read only, write only etc). The following table lists the various file open attributes together with a broef description of each:

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<tr style="background:#efefef;">
<th>Mode<th>Description</th>
<tr>
<td>r<td>Read only access. Pointer is positioned at start of file.</td>
<tr>
<td>r+<td>Read and write access. Pointer is positioned at start of file.</td>
<tr>
<td>w<td>Write only access. Pointer is positioned at start of file. File is created if it does not already exist.</td>
<tr>
<td>w+<td>Read and write access. Pointer is positioned at start of file. File is created if it does not already exist.</td>
<tr>
<td>a<td>Write only access. Pointer is positioned at end of file. File is created if it does not already exist.</td>
<tr>
<td>a+<td>Read and write access. Pointer is positioned at end of file. File is created if it does not already exist.</td>
<tr>
<td>x<td>Create and open for write only. Pointer is positioned at start of file. Return ''false'' if file already exists.</td>
<tr>
<td>x+<td>Create and open for read and write. Pointer is positioned at start of file. Return ''false'' if file already exists.</td>
</table>

== Closing Files in PHP ==

Once a file has been opened it can closed using the ''fclose'' function. The fclose function takes a single argument; the ''file handle'' returned by the ''fopen'' function when the file was first opened.

Given this information we can write a script to open a file. For the purposes of this example we will create a new file in the root of our web server. We will open the file in ''w+'' mode so that it will created if it does not already exist and provide both read and write access. We will then close the file using fclose():

<pre>
<?php
$fileHandle = fopen('/tmp/php_essentials.txt', 'w+')
 OR die ("Can't open file\n");

fclose ($fileHandle);
?>
</pre>

== Writing to a File using PHP ==

Having created and opened the file the next task is to write data to the file. We can do this using the PHP ''fwrite'' and ''fputs'' functions. These are essentially tyhe same function so either can be used.

fwrite takes two arguments, the ''file handle'' returned form the orginal fopen and he string to be written. We can, therefore extend our example to write a string to our file:

<pre>
<?php

$fileHandle = fopen('/tmp/php_essentials.txt', 'w+')
 OR die ("Can't open file\n");

$result = fwrite ($fileHandle, "This line of text was written by PHP\n");

if ($result)
{
     echo "Data written successfully.<br>";
} else {
     echo "Data write failed.<br>";
}

fclose($fileHandle);
?>
</pre>

After running the above script you should find a file exists on your server containing the line <tt>This line of text was written by PHP</tt>.



== Reading From a File using PHP ==

Data can be read from a file using the PHP fread() function. fread accepts two arguments, the ''file handle'' and the number of bytes to be read from the file:

<pre>
<?php
$fileHandle = fopen('/tmp/php_essentials.txt', 'w+')
 OR die ("Can't open file\n");

fwrite ($fileHandle, "This line of text was written by PHP\n");


fclose($fileHandle);

$fileHandle = fopen('/tmp/php_essentials.txt', 'r')
 OR die ("Can't open file\n");

$fileData = fread ($fileHandle, 1024);

echo "data = $fileData";

fclose($fileHandle);

?>
</pre>

The above example should generate the following output:

<tt>data = This line of text was written by PHP done</tt><br>

It is also possible to read the contents of an enter file with the ''readfile'' function. This function reads the entire contents of a file and outputs that content. Assumign you don't need to do anything but output the contents of a file then 'readfile'' is an easy solution because it does all the work for you. You do not need to open the file, read the data, close the file and display the data. All you need to do is call ''readfile'' and it does the rest.

== Checking Whether a File Exists ==

The ''file_exists'' fuinction can be used at any time to find if a file already exists in the file system. The function takes a single argument - the path to the file in question and returns a boolean ''true'' or ''false'' value depending on whether the existance of the file.

== Moving, Copying and Deleting Files with PHP ==

Files can be copied uysing the ''copy'' function, renamed using the ''rename'' function and deleted using the ''unlink'' function. For example we can perform a number tasks on our example file:

<pre>
<?php

if (file_exists('/tmp/php_essentials.txt)
{
     copy ('/tmp/php_essentials.txt, '/tmp/php_essentials.bak'); // Copy the file

     rename ('/tmp/php_essentials.bak', '/tmp/php_essentials.old'); // Rename the file

     unlink ('/tmp/php_essentials.old'); // Delete the file
}
?>
</pre>